Results | TMR Bibliography

Greaves, L. (2017). He Pōkēkē Uenuku I Tū Ai: A Quantitative Exploration of Māori Identity, Political Attitudes, and Behaviour [Thesis, ResearchSpace@Auckland]. https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/37064

To be Māori is to be political. Our history is filled with political struggles and victories. These struggles, originating from experiences of colonisation and assimilation, have greatly influenced what it is to be Māori today. This thesis explores the relationship between Māori ethnic identity, and political attitudes and outcomes. In this thesis, I present five studies (across four published papers and one full manuscript) which validate the Multidimensional Model of Māori Identity and Cultural Engagement (MMM-ICE2). I focus particular attention on the scale’s Socio- Political Consciousness dimension, and illustrate the links between identity and politics for Māori. The MMM-ICE2 is a seven-dimension scaled designed with Māori, by Māori, and for Māori to measure Māori ethnic identity (Houkamau & Sibley, 2010, 2015a). In the first two studies, I focus on using psychometric techniques to further validate the MMM-ICE2 as a measurement tool. Firstly, I use random intercept exploratory factor analysis to show that the scale is not vulnerable to acquiescent responding (yea-saying; Greaves, Houkamau, & Sibley, 2017). The second study uses multigroup confirmatory factor analysis to illustrate that the MMM-ICE2 shows reasonable measurement equivalence across diverse Māori groups (Greaves, Manuela et al., 2017). In the third study of the thesis, I demonstrate that Māori, broadly defined, are more likely to vote for the political left – the Labour, Green, and New Zealand First parties – over the centre-right National Party (Greaves, Robertson et al., 2017). The results lay the groundwork for two further studies, which demonstrate the construct validity of the Socio-Political Consciousness dimension of the scale by predicting a range of political attitudes and behaviours. Study Four shows that, above and beyond the effects of demographics, Māori enrolled to vote on the Māori electoral roll were higher on the Socio-Political Consciousness and Group Membership Evaluation dimensions (Greaves, Osborne, Houkamau, & Sibley, 2017). Additionally, in Study Five, I demonstrate that higher Socio-Political Consciousness for Māori is related to higher levels of support for Māori rights protests, the left-wing Green Party, and the Māori-issue focussed, Māori and Mana political parties (Greaves, Sengupta et al., 2017). Yet, lower levels of Socio-Political Consciousness were related to higher support for the right-wing National Party. Taken together, these studies show that the MMM-ICE2 scale and the Socio-Political Consciousness dimension can predict important, realworld political outcomes and attitudes for Māori. Finally, I discuss the contributions that the papers in this thesis have made to the literature, and the inevitable limitations of the research. I then provide future research directions for the study of quantitative Māori identity and for Māori political participation more generally. I finish with reflections on the process of writing this thesis and on being an emerging Māori quantitative researcher.

Read document

Greaves, L. (2024). Māori Political Histories. In J. Hayward, L. Greaves, & C. Timperley (Eds.), Government and politics in Aotearoa New Zealand (Abridged edition.). Oxford University Press.

Greaves, L., & Osborne, D. (2017). Identity and demographics predict voter enrolment on the Māori electoral roll: Findings from a national sample. MAI Journal: A New Zealand Journal of Indigenous Scholarship, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.20507/MAIJournal.2017.6.1.1

Read document

Greaves, L. (2024). Pebbles in Shoes? The Māori Electorates in 2023. In S. Levine (Ed.), Back on Track? The New Zealand General Election of 2023. Victoria University Press.

Greaves, L., & Curtin, J. (2023). Moving beyond “Contingent”: Descriptive Representation by and for Indigenous Peoples. Politics & Gender, 19(4), 1261–1265. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X22000575

When Jane Mansbridge’s (1999) article was first submitted, more than 80% of the world’s parliaments featured less than 20% women (IPU 2015). Calculating the parliamentary presence of ethnic and cultural minorities and Indigenous peoples has proved more difficult (Protsyk 2010). This is despite the adoption of two United Nations Declarations, on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992) and on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007. In Aotearoa New Zealand, the representation of women and Māori (the Indigenous peoples) was comparatively better than global averages. In 1996, 29% of parliamentarians were women and 14% were Māori. By 2020, these figures had increased to 48% and 21%, respectively, while in the cabinet, women made up 40% of ministers and Māori accounted for 25%. Reported as the country’s historically most diverse parliament and cabinet (Curtin 2020), it appears that both new (proportional representation) and old (reserved seats for Māori) institutional mechanisms had achieved near proportionality, and a heterogeneity of experiences, potentially enhancing opportunities for deliberation.

Read document

Greaves, L., Morgan, E., & Hayward, J. (2024). Resisting the Red Wave? The Māori Party’s return to parliament. In J. Curtin, L. Greaves, & J. Vowles (Eds.), A Team of Five Million?: The 2020 ‘Covid-19’ New Zealand General Election (pp. 129–156). ANU Press.

Curtin, Jennifer., Greaves, Lara., & Vowles, J. (2024). The Disappearing “Team of Five Million”?: The Road to the 2023 Election. In J. Curtin, L. Greaves, & J. Vowles, A Team of Five Million? : The 2020 “Covid-19” New Zealand General Election. (First edition.). ANU Press.

Curtin, Jennifer., Woodman, V. K. G., & Greaves, L. (2024). Gendering Leadership and Policy during Covid-19: Jacinda Ardern and the Women’s Vote. In J. Curtin, L. Greaves, & J. Vowles, A Team of Five Million? : The 2020 “Covid-19” New Zealand General Election. (First edition.). ANU Press.

Curtin, Jennifer., Greaves, Lara., & Vowles, J. (2024). A “Team of Five Million”?: Covid-19 and the 2020 New Zealand General Election. In J. Curtin, L. Greaves, & J. Vowles, A Team of Five Million? : The 2020 “Covid-19” New Zealand General Election. (First edition.). ANU Press.

Benvie-Watson, E., & Greaves, L. M. (2024). Hauora hinengaro o takatāpui: analysing the effectiveness of mental health policies in addressing the needs of Takatāpui in Aotearoa New Zealand. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 0(0), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2024.2399291

Many studies have documented the effect that colonisation has had on takatāpui, that is, Māori (the Indigenous peoples of New Zealand) with diverse gender identities, sex characteristics and sexualities. In this paper, we explore whether current Aotearoa New Zealand (hereafter Aotearoa) mental health policies meet the needs of takatāpui. We identified five mental health policy needs, informed by the literature. We then explored policy documents from government ministries, district health boards and non-government organisations to see the extent to which policy met these needs. Four themes were present in the literature analysed: an overall lack of acknowledgment of takatāpui and intersectionality; promising engagement with the needs of takatāpui by NGOs; symbolic commitment to Te Tiriti o Waitangi; and some limited engagement with Māori health models. The findings show promise in some areas but demonstrate a lack of engagement by policy to meet the needs of takatāpui.

Read document

Morgan, E., & Greaves, L. (2021). How the Māori Party defied expectations at the 2020 election. In S. Levine (Ed.), Politics in a pandemic: Jacinda Ardern and New Zealand’s 2020 election. Victoria University of Wellington Press.

Is this the springboard for a bigger resurgence in 2023?

Greaves, L., & Morgan, E. (2021). How the Māori Party defied expectations at the 2020 election. In S. Levine (Ed.), Politics in a pandemic : Jacinda Ardern and New Zealand’s 2020 election. https://natlib.govt.nz/records/45970699

View on natlib.govt.nz

Curtin, Jennifer., Greaves, Lara., & Vowles, J. (2024). A Team of Five Million? : The 2020 “Covid-19” New Zealand General Election. (First edition.). ANU Press.

New Zealand was one of a handful of countries that held a national election in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Greaves, L. M., Oldfield, L. D., & Milne, B. J. (2021). Let the people decide? Support for referenda since the New Zealand flag change referendums. Kōtuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online, 16(1), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2020.1786413

The number of referenda taking place in established democracies has been increasing, but oftentimes the use of referenda is controversial. This paper utilises two New Zealand national probability mail surveys collected before (2015; n = 901) and after (2016; n = 1350) the controversial flag change referendums initiated by Prime Minister John Key. We found that support for referenda increased from 54.5% in 2015 to 70.7% in 2016. We examined how demographics, party vote, political attitudes, and support for changing the flag related to change in support for referenda Younger age groups and those with moderate levels of education had larger increases in support for referenda. We did not find any evidence of ‘loser effects’ as National voters and flag change supporters were just as likely to increase in support for referenda as other voters and those opposing change, respectively. In summary, the results of this paper show that despite controversy, referenda have become more popular, especially among certain groups.

Read document

Greaves, L., & Hayward, J. (2020). Māori and the 2017 General election: party, participation, and populism. In J. Curtin & J. Vowles (Eds.), A Populist Exception? The 2017 New Zealand General Election (pp. 213–246). ANU Press.

Jones, C. (2024). The Constitution. In J. Hayward, L. Greaves, & C. Timperley (Eds.), Government and politics in Aotearoa New Zealand (Abridged edition.). Oxford University Press.

Curtin, J., & Greaves, L. (2020). Gender, Populism and Jacinda Ardern. In J. Vowles & J. Curtin (Eds.), A Populist Exception? : The 2017 New Zealand General Election / Edited By Jack Vowles and Jennifer Curtin. ANU Press. https://doi.org/10.22459/PE.2020

Te One, A. (2021). Kaupapa Māori Politics. In J. Hayward, L. Greaves, & C. Timperley (Eds.), Government and Politics in Aotearoa and New Zealand (7th ed.). Oxford University Press.

O’Sullivan, D. (2021). The Importance of Political Theory. In J. Hayward, L. Greaves, & C. Timperley (Eds.), Government and politics in Aotearoa New Zealand (Abridged edition.). Oxford University Press.

Poata-Smith, E. (2021). Marxism. In J. Hayward, L. Greaves, & C. Timperley (Eds.), Government and politics in Aotearoa New Zealand (Abridged edition.). Oxford University Press.